Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration was about 3,400 for coal suppliers versus 1,573 overall.
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) separates normal trade concentration from energy exposure. The index sums squared supplier shares, so larger scores mean more concentration. Overall import sources are spread across China/Hong Kong, Korea, ASEAN, Japan, Europe, the United States and others. Coal imports are much more concentrated, with Australia and Indonesia dominating.
Source 1: Annual External Trade Report in 2025
Publisher: Ministry of Finance, R.O.C.
Dataset/table: Annual External Trade Report in 2025
Units: US$ billion; percent
Date checked: 2026-05-14
Evidence: Supports 2025 Taiwan export/import totals, commodity groups, market values and shares.
Note: Supports 2025 Taiwan export/import totals, commodity groups, market values and shares.
Source 2: 2026 Taiwan Analysis Brief
Publisher: U.S. Energy Information Administration
Dataset/table: Taiwan energy import analysis; Figure 15 coal imports by source
Units: percent
Date checked: 2026-05-14
Evidence: Supports 2025 Taiwan coal import source shares and energy-import context.
Note: Supports 2025 Taiwan coal import source shares and energy-import context.
Source 3: Taiwan coal imports by source, 2025
Publisher: U.S. Energy Information Administration
Dataset/table: Figure 15 workbook
Units: short tons
Date checked: 2026-05-14
Evidence: Provides source-level coal import quantities used for energy-supplier concentration checks.
Note: Provides source-level coal import quantities used for energy-supplier concentration checks.
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index scores use different source families and product scopes for overall imports and coal imports; compare them as exposure indicators, not identical datasets.
Computes the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) as the sum of squared percentage shares using Ministry of Finance import-market shares and EIA coal-source shares.
Same-source within each concentration index; cross-index comparison is mixed source and mixed commodity scope.
Taiwan’s 5 largest coal suppliers
Australia supplied 28.0M short tons and Indonesia 17.3M of Taiwan’s 2025 coal imports.
Taiwan’s 5 largest petroleum-product suppliers
Russia supplied 112k b/d, or 38%, of Taiwan’s imported petroleum products in 2025.
Taiwan’s 5 largest liquefied natural gas suppliers
Australia 34% and Qatar 33% led Taiwan’s 2025 liquefied natural gas imports.